Results of susceptibility testing revealed that no single antimicrobial was effective against both bacteria. Diagnostic investigation revealed anemia, neutrophilia, severe dental disease, a superficial corneal ulcer of the left eye, and a retrobulbar abscess. Uh oh. Hematologic analysis revealed normochromic macrocytic anemia with moderate anisocytosis and severe polychromasia: Hct was 25% (reference range, 30% to 50%), RBC count was 3.33 106 RBCs/L (reference range, 4 to 8 106 RBCs/L), hemoglobin concentration was 8.1 g/dL (reference range, 8.0 to 17.5 g/dL), mean corpuscular volume was 75 fL (reference range, 58.0 to 66.5 fL), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was 32.4 g/dL (reference range, 29 to 37 g/dL).1,2 The WBC count was slightly high at 12.7 103 leukocytes/L (reference range, 5 to 12 103 leukocytes/L), and apart from mild neutrophilia (61%; reference range, 33% to 55%), the leukocyte differential was within reference range.1,2 Results of plasma biochemical analyses were within reference ranges, and there was no serum antiP multocida antibody titer. Related Images. The site is secure. Andrews SE. It depends on the underlying cause. Aneta Gralak. a localized purulent inflammation of tissues, involving their dissolution and the formation of a pus-containing cavity. Treatment of a retrobulbar abscess secondary to dental associated infection in a rabbit . The more conservative approach performed in this instance required repeated flushing and debridement, making the use of beads unsuitable. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Unfortunately, it was too little too late. Rabbit abscess picture. Treatment options for retrobulbar abscesses are presently limited in pet rabbits, and in 1 review,20 the prognosis was considered to be guarded to grave. Ultrasound to examine the "ocular and periocular tissues will help identify a retrobulbar abscess." Finally, aspiration using a fine needle can help rule out other conditions such as neoplasia (abnormal tissue growth. Ophthalmologic diseases in small mammals. Clinical findings: The rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5. Date Reviewed/Revised: 01/05/2012. Tear ducts usually secondary to dental disease. and transmitted securely. The abscess cavity may also need debriding and being packed with antibiotic impregnated beads. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Careers. 2006 Sep;9(3):657-65. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2006.05.022. Two months after the initial surgery, minimal exophthalmia was evident and no further physical, radiographic, or ultrasonographic changes were evident. Define retrobulbar abscess. We believe that rabbits are intelligent and social beings. 2nd ed. Radiographs of the cranium (dorsoventral, right and left lateral, and oblique views) were obtained on a mammography cassettec and films.d Radiography revealed severe malocclusion of the premolars and molars, with multiple elongated roots. Older rabbit with a history of severe acquired dental disease, retrobulbar abscess, and enucleation of the right eye. Home page Questions and answers Statistics Donations Contact. complications from abscess. Two months after the initial surgery . Capello V. Endoscopic assessment and treatment of cheek teeth malocclusion in pet rabbits. opacity: 1; background: #EBF6F7; The veterinarian didn't feel the abscess was ready to be drained. . Verstraete FJM. Lakewood, Colo: American Animal Hospital Association, 1993;142. I'm sure she'll adapt with the one eye just fine. Due to the close apposition of the globe to the posterior dental molar roots , dental disease and root infection can lead to severe exophthalmos. Exot DVM 2004;6:3740. Abscesses are a common occurrence in rabbits, and form when bacteria enter the skin or a body cavity, and sets up an infection. Accessibility She is recovering well. Clinical FindingsThe rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5 . It depends on the underlying cause. A case report and review of the literature. Treatment of a retrobulbar abscess secondary to dental associated infection in a rabbit . It is possible that this was a retrobulbar abscess and that the dog did not start bleeding until the surgical procedure was performed. Kelleher SA. There are over 15,022,000 records available in CAB Direct | Last updated on March 3, 2023, In early 2023 CAB Abstracts, Global Health and CABIs Database Subsets are scheduled to begin their migrating journey to our new platform CABI Digital Library. Synonyms for retroarticular abscess in Free Thesaurus. The pus is an accumulation of dead cells from the battle to fight the infection. Appreciate species differences in ocular anatomy . Small hemostats were used to grasp the crown and rotate the molar around its longitudinal axis before elevating the tooth, in its entirety, into the oral cavity. Intra-abdominal granulomas caused by Clostridium tertium in an American Fuzzy Lop rabbit/Granulomas intra-abdominais causados por Clostridium tertium em um coelho . A case report and review of the literature. DOI: 10.1016/J.CVEX.2006.05.022 Corpus ID: 22339666; Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit. It can be caused by an abscess or a growth. Tooth root abscesses in llamas and alpacas: 123 cases (1994-2005). R= Right. An official website of the United States government. 2nd ed. Medical Information Search. display: flex; Tear duct abscesses can be the result of an elongated upper incisor tooth root blocking the tear duct. Just days after we had to put our little Snow to sleep Daria suddenly started being a picky eater. Most rabbit abscess cases will require the use of oral or injectable antibiotics. Common presentations include the following: . Identification of uncultured bacteria from abscesses of exotic pet animals using broad-range nested 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. PMC Orbital abscess: management and outcome. Abnormal ocular or oculonasal discharge can also develop as a consequence of the eye irritation and the rabbit may show signs of discomfort such as excessive blinking and grinding teeth. If you would like to receive a complimentary trial across your entire clinic/practice/team, please complete the practice form opposite and submit then a member of our team will be in touch to arrange this for you. She's a bit more cautious now but bounced back in almost no time. If you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use. Consult with a rabbit knowledgeable veterinarian who will be familiar with the various options. (frequently mandible abscesses will develop which can lead to osteomyelitis) Bulging of the eye (sometimes a retrobulbar abscess will develop as a result of dental problems) Ocular discharge (sometimes caused by a . . One problem is that the pus found in rabbit abscesses is thick, about the consistency of toothpaste, and does not drain easily when the abscess is opened. In:Harcourt-Brown FM, ed.Textbook of rabbit medicine. During this time subscribers will be able to start accessing subscribed content on CABI Digital Library and enjoy the platforms many benefits. INTRODUCTION. The abscess capsule is defined by the hyperechoic curvilinear line (arrowheads) caudomedial to the globe (arrow), and the abscess contents are the hypoechoic material ventral to the line. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Meloxicam (0.5 mg, SC) was given for postoperative pain control. I just took this photo of heryou can really see the difference. #2. An official website of the United States government. The effect of the abscess (es) will depend on the location and the organs affected. Abscesses in rabbits can present in many forms. The retrobulbar space is the area just behind the eye. [47] record evidence from . He has a retrobulbar abscess which we will be removing soon but I've noticed that recently there began to appear egg-shaped droppings. L=Left. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Ultrasonography (scan) of the eye can be performed when the animal is conscious or under light sedation depending on the nature of the animal. Bacterial infection or abscessation - foreign bodies in young animals and dental disease in older animals; Fungal infection behind the eye - not common J Am Vet Med Assoc. National Library of Medicine 2nd ed. Crossley DA. Treatment for a retrobulbar meningioma includes exenteration to remove the affected globe and orbital contents, followed by radiation therapy. Retrobulbar and facial abscesses of periapical origin in rabbits often carry a poor prognosis [1,2]. government site. Runny Eyes, Runny Nose: What Do They Mean? He confirmed there was a mass behind the eye, but is was way back behind the eye. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Antimicrobials were flushed into the tooth abscess cavity, and antimicrobial treatment was initiated on the basis of cytologic findings and results of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing.Two months after the initial surgery, minimal exophthalmia was evident and no further physical, radiographic, or ultrasonographic changes were evident. Therefore, ciprofloxacin (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) was added to the treatment regimen at the time of the first recheck (2 weeks after surgery), and treatment was continued for 21 days. In chronic cases, rabbits can continue eating and drinking normally, but often the rabbit will deteriorate as the pain escalates or the dental disease progresses and eventually will stop eating and passing faecal pellets. Anesthesia was discontinued, and the rabbit recovered from anesthesia without complications. These photos illustrate the before and after repair of this dogs tooth decay. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Martnez-Jimnez D, Hernndez-Divers SJ, Dietrich UM, Williams CO, Blasier MW, Wilson H, Frank PM. All rights reserved, Permanent Link: http://www.VeterinaryPartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=503, Example: Yes, I would like to receive emails from House Rabbit Society. Orbital abscess as a complication of odontogenic infection. means you agree to our use of cookies. Preoperative assessment and long-term monitoring were achieved with a combination of radiography, ophthalmic ultrasonography, and CT. Extraoral rigid endoscopy via a fenestration in the maxilla was used to facilitate surgical debridement of the lesion, and extraction of multiple cheek teeth has been fundamental to achieving control. Microbiological and molecular analysis of endodontic infections. Bartholin's Glands Abdomen Retroperitoneal . Her teeth are in good shape. The corneal ulcer and nasal discharge had completely resolved 3 weeks after surgery. Clinical relevance: Endosurgical treatment of a retrobulbar abscess in a rabbit. Although this radiograph shows a true DV view of the maxilla, the mandible was deliberately pushed away from the side of the . Using our new visualization tools you can, Using our new highlighting and annotation tool you can, https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/about/about-cabi-digital-library, https://www.cabi.org/join-our-research-panel/, remove selected records that are not saved in My CABI, sign you out of your Surgery will be required to go behind the eye, drain the pus and prevent any further damage. Administration of ciprofloxacin and penicillin G was discontinued at that time. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of dental disease in pet rabbits, Pharmocokinetics of penicillin-G in serum and nasal washing of, Selected drug dosages and clinical reference data, Malocclusions in guinea pigs, chinchillas and rabbits, . 97. Most facial abscesses are the result of dental disease. Exotic DVM 1 (3), 83-88. In 1938, Derry's summary [49] indicated that the earliest occurrence dated to 3300 bc, although Morse et al. Drainage of a retrobulbar abscess through the mouth can be successful in mild cases, and if caused by a tooth. Please note that using antibiotics as the sole treatment without at least opening and cleaning the abscess is usually unsuccessful because these drugs cannot adequately penetrate the thick capsule of the abscess and kill the bacteria inside. Register today and take advantage of membership benefits. In these cases the abscess can be opened, cleaned out thoroughly and flushed with an antiseptic solution. Prior to referral, the rabbit had undergone surgery for an abscess involving the left maxillary area of the face and had been treated with several antimicrobials, including enrofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfonamide, and cephalexin (dosages unknown). The rabbit Pasteurella multocida, which is believed to be a frequent cause of abscesses in rabbits, was not isolated from the rabbit of this report.9,36. Retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits - Treatment avoiding enucleation. In Pract 1997;19:407421. 8600 Rockville Pike [Fractures of the canines require attention]. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia may be present. This image shows the left upper arcade of cheek teeth in the mouth of a rabbit with a retrobulbar abscess affecting the left eye. When this infection becomes localized in . Figure-4. I'll update after her appointment. London: Mason Publishing Ltd, 2005;113144. Gardhouse S, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Paul-Murphy J, Martnez-Jimnez D, Hernndez-Divers S J, Dietrich U M. O'Relly A, McCowan C, Hardman C, et al. Over the weekend, she got much worse, so I called again and we decided to do surgery. Unlike dog and cat pus (exudate), rabbit exudate is thick and semi-solid, much like toothpaste, making it difficult to flush. For more information visit: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/about/about-cabi-digital-library, Why not join our research panel and help shape the future of CABI Digital Library? Crossley DA. Accessed Dec 3, 2006. Holy was put on antibiotics. The rabbit was discharged from the hospital with instructions to the owners to administer a triple antimicrobial ophthalmic ointment (containing bacitracin, neomycin, and polymixin B sulfate and administered topically, every 8 hours, for 10 days), penicillin G (60,000 U/kg [27,300 U/lb], SC, q 48 h, for 21 days),5,6 and meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h, for 10 days). display: flex; It is not always possible to surgically remove an abscess due to its location, other disease (making anesthesia or a lengthy surgery dangerous) or financial restraints. Notice the persisting soft tissue swelling associated with exophthalmia involving the left eye (arrow). The symptoms that are present with a retrobulbar abscess in dogs will prompt a thorough eye exam to be completed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 2004;392394. Retrobulbar abscesses Eye: retrobulbar abscess are also common. A bacterial abscess of the tooth roots can come about rather quickly (hours-days), but other things can cause eyes to protrude (called exopthalmos), such as tumors, which grow on the order of weeks-months. A Biblioteca Virtual em Sade uma colecao de fontes de informacao cientfica e tcnica em sade organizada e armazenada em formato eletrnico nos pases da Regio Latino-Americana e do Caribe, acessveis de forma universal na Internet de modo compatvel com as bases internacionais. 5197-100 SITElite handle and clarus SITEcoupler model 30100 (pediatric) eyepiece, Clarus Medical LLC, Minneapolis, Minn. T/pump system of TP22 pad and TP500 pump, Gaymar Industries Inc, Orchard Park, NY. Sevoflurane (7%) in oxygen was delivered by means of a face mask in a Norman elbow nonrebreathing systemb to induce anesthesia, and 2% to 3% isoflurane was administered for anesthetic maintenance. Hey evereyone I'm new here! Practice repositioning of proptosed globe and drainage of retrobulbar abscess via pterygopalatine fossa . Would you like email updates of new search results? Awwww. These findings were consistent with severe dental disease3 (Figure 1). Capello V. Other diagnostics. This is exophthalmos caused by a retrobulbar space occupying mass. In addition, rabbit abscesses often develop finger-like projections or tracts into the surrounding tissue where new abscesses can form. situated, occurring, or administered behind the eyeball See the full definition Dental abscesses also may appear as retrobulbar abscesses. Retrobulbar abscessation is the most common orbital disease of rabbits, and the lesions are notoriously difficult to treat successfully. Recommended surgical treatment of such abscesses involves complete excision of the lesion, aggressive debridement of affected bone [3] , and removal of associated teeth or tooth fragments [1] . Endoscopic examination yielded visual confirmation of a cavity, and maxillary and dental elements were visible through the gingival defect. 2005 Jan 15;130(2):50-3. Case description: Bookshelf No anaerobic organisms were isolated. Gillet CS. .item01 { Please email [email protected] your LibKey API Key and LibKey Static ID whichmay berequested from Third [email protected]. Stomatoscopy should be regarded as a valuable technique that facilitates diagnosis, treatment, and serial reevaluation of dental disease. Okayhere's the update. Pharmocokinetics of penicillin-G in serum and nasal washing of Pasterella multocida free and infected rabbits. 2019 Oct;12(10):1546-1553. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1546-1553. retrobulbar abscess; -Otitis media or interna - caused by bacteria or yeast entering the middle or We have an ever growing content library on Vetlexicon so if you ever find we haven't covered something that you need please fill in the form below and let us know! You are using an out of date browser. Ophthalmic diseases. Indian J Ophthalmol 2000;48:129134. We are glad to hear that she is doing alright. 2019, BSAVA Congress Proceedings 2019. The long-term use of topical and systemic antibiotic preparations and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication is discussed. In particular, successful treatment of a retrobulbar abscess in two rabbits by the "Septopal Mini-chain" is described. 2nd ed. Surgical treatment of rabbit retrobulbar abscesses by enucleation and abscess drainage procedure. Clinical aspects of lagomorph dental anatomy: the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Harcourt-Brown FM, Baker SJ. The content drained down her throat and the resulting swelling was suffocating her. The mouth generally due to an infection or dental disease. We have updated the search filter for evidence-based literature in our databases. Oral biology and disorders of lagomorphs. Abscesses that form internally can be more difficult to diagnose or manage and include areas such as the uterus, lungs, heart, liver, abdominal fat, intestine and kidneys. 2nd ed. Find the detailed search strategy and background information here. Aim of the article: This article provides a guide of normal eye anatomy, routine ophthalmic examination and common ocular conditions in this species. Ocular ultrasonography performed 4 weeks after the initial surgery revealed no flocculent material or other evidence of an abscess (Figure 2). Betty is recovering well, I think it was harder on me than her. During those examinations, improvements in demeanor and appetite were observed, along with a 14% weight gain to 1.14 kg (2.5 lb) at the time of the first reevaluation. Harcourt-Brown FM. OPEN ACCESS FORMS, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00293.htm, www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00408.htm, Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2008, Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2010, Infection control practices and zoonotic disease risks among veterinarians in the United States, Influence of metoclopramide on gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs. Abscesses (rabbits), in Proccedings. Before Treatment of retrobulbar abscesses is an extremely difficult procedure and, unfortunately the majority of chronic retrobulbar abscesses may recur. The cornea will be checked for ulceration and the pressure within the eye will also be measured. } It is also possible that the acute pain and ocular signs were actually a result of retrobulbar hemorrhage. Antimicrobials were flushed into the tooth abscess cavity, and antimicrobial treatment was initiated on the basis of cytologic findings and results of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. It is important to determine the cause of an abscess, not to just treat the abscess itself. If the abscess was only lanced and drained, then antibiotic therapy might continue for weeks to months. Although bacterial culture has low sensitivity and specificity because of the polymicrobial nature of endodontic infections and rabbit coprophagia, it is considered important in determining antimicrobial selection.29,34 Biopsy of the abscess wall was not performed because of the inaccessibility of the site with the endoscope introduced orally. Retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits cause exophthalmos withdrying keratitis, as well as periorbital inflammation. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Disclaimer. After induction, the rabbit was intubated by use of a fiberoptic laryngoscopeg and a 2-mm uncuffed nasotracheal tube.h A 24-gauge IV catheter was placed in the cephalic vein, and 22.2 mL of half-strength lactated Ringer's solution (NaCl concentration, 0.45%) containing 2.5% dextrose was administered at 10 mL/h during the anesthetic period. MeSH Vet Ophthalmol 2002;5:227230. However, in order to confirm the diagnosis, radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations are generally the tests of choice. This causes a high recurrence rate, since only a small amount of exudate needs to be left inside the abscess cavity for it to return. Baumgartner JC. The food passes from the mouth to the socket of the root developing infection that eventually becomes an abscess. Unusual bilateral retrobulbar abscess in the rabbit. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Abstract. Corneal diseases of rabbits. Rabbit abscesses form a thick capsule around the infection that effectively walls it off from the rest of the body. The success of this conservative approach to management of a retrobulbar abscess resulted partly from frequent monitoring, serial stomatoscopy, and good client compliance. In:Hillyer EV, Quesenberry KE, ed.Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. Medical treatment is generally unrewarding and surgical removal of the eye (enucleation) is usually necessary. Continuing to use www.cabdirect.org These tests might include bacterial culture of the wall of the abscess (culturing the pus itself is not useful), x-rays and/or ultrasound to determine the location and extent of the infection, and blood tests to determine the response of the immune system and the condition of other organs. We did radiograph her teeth, and did a thorough dental exam. 3-mm round long burr, Surgical Innovations Inc, Suwanee, Ga. Consil, Nutramax Laboratories Inc, Edgewood, Md. Rabbits can suffer from infections of the upper respiratory tract (the sinuses and other parts of the tract that are not actually parts of the lungs), and this is usually manifested as runny nose, runny eyes and sneezing. The most common signs of a retrobulbar abscess are bulging of the eye, protrusion of the third eyelid across the eye and inability to close the eyelids completely. The eye was enucleated and he was then able to find the abscess way behind the eye. Dental and oral disease in lagomorphs. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002;292306. . It could be a tumour or an abscess, but in a rabbit that latter is far more likely. Some rabbits can live with abscesses on various parts of their body for years by having them surgically drained as needed. Retrobulbar Abscess in Cats. PMC Download Free PDF . Jenkins JR. Soft tissue surgery and dental procedures. Vet Rec 1996;139:567571. He went in under the eye in hopes that he might be able to access the abscess without reomving the eye, but unfortunately that wasn't the case. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The kindest thing in this case was euthanasia. In:Jenkins JR, Brown SA, ed.A practitioner's guide to rabbits and ferrets. The rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5. Pet rabbits. If the surgery is not sufficient, it is possible the rabbit will be left with deformities or euthanasia may even be considered. You may need to adress this still or another abscess may occur. Citation: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230, 6; 10.2460/javma.230.6.868. Doxycycline (50 mg) was mixed with 2.5 mL of reconstituted dental ceramic and infused into the cavity. Stomatoscopy examination revealed no opening or cavity. Before Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible. Causes of exophthalmia include orbital or retroorbital abscess, cellulitis, neoplasia, hematoma, orbital cyst (including Taenia serialis cyst), retrobulbar fat prolapse, salivary mucocele, myositis, lacrimal gland disease, foreign body, granuloma, and trauma.7-10 Exophthalmia must be distinguished from buphthalmia secondary to congenital glaucoma or other diseases such as uveitis, trauma, tumors, or Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection.11,12 Retrobulbar disease is the most common cause of exophthalmia in rabbits.7,12 Retrobulbar abscesses may be the result of endodontic infection, penetrating foreign bodies, local injury, or spread of infection from the bloodstream.13, Understanding rabbit dental anatomy and physiology is essential to diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of conditions involving the oral cavity. Brook DL. Tyrrell KL, Citron DM, Jenkins JR, et al. Results of blood testing were within reference ranges. Given the absence of obvious signs of retrobulbar infection and the tendency for food and debris to accumulate in the cavity, an antimicrobial-impregnated bioactive dental ceramicp was used to fill the defect. MeSH Parathyroid hormone, haematological and biochemical parameters in relation to dental disease and husbandry in rabbits. . RETROBULBAR ABSCESS IN A RABBIT 659. The authors thank Dr. Susan Sanchez for assistance. Euthanasia - The process and what actually happens. The bacteria can hitch a ride on such objects. A second swab was used to obtain smears for Gram staining and cytologic analysis. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. Some abscesses are formed by a foreign body such as a grass seed entering the rabbit. My 5 yr. old rabbit Sophie got attacked by a great dane a couple of weeks ago. Sorry it had to happen. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:10441047. and transmitted securely. If the entire abscess is completely removed, then the antibiotics might not be necessary or may be used for only a short time. Rabbit abscesses can be challenging to treat. dCloseup view of the cavity remaining after extraction of the molar and debridement and flushing; notice the root of the adjacent left maxillary first molar (arrow). We started with antibiotics, vet said it could be 4-6 weeks before we saw results. In rabbits, unilateral exophthalmos may be caused by: Retrobulbar abscess : Pasteurella has frequently been implicated as the cause of these abscesses, although culture is rarely performed. A 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a resolved draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge was referred to the Exotic Animal, Wildlife, and Zoological Medicine Service at the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of small exotic mammal dental disease. National Library of Medicine Epub 2019 Oct 9. Making lots of left turns. Retrobulbar abscessation is the most common orbital disease of rabbits, and the lesions are notoriously difficult to treat successfully. INTRODUCTION. Systemic problems may also affect the metabolically active apical germinal tissue and odontoblasts.13,19-23, Diagnosis and treatment of dental disease are often complicated by a vague clinical history, examination late in the disease process, variable and nonspecific clinical signs, and the difficulty inherent in performing detailed oral cavity examination in conscious rabbits. Notice that the previous hyperechoic curvilinear line caudomedial to the globe is absent. If clinical resolution is not gained, enucleation may be performed instead. This case report describes a 13-month-old female neutered Netherland Dwarf rabbit that was diagnosed with a dental associated infection of the right maxillary third premolar. Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference 2001, Advances in diagnosis and treatment of small exotic mammal dental disease, Clinical aspects of lagomorph dental anatomy: the rabbit (, A review of clinical conditions in pet rabbits associated with their teeth, Calcium deficiency, diet and dental disease in pet rabbits, Parathyroid hormone, haematological and biochemical parameters in relation to dental disease and husbandry in rabbits, Soft tissue surgery and dental procedures, Endoscopic assessment and treatment of cheek teeth malocclusion in pet rabbits, Endoscopy as an aid to the examination and treatment of oropharyngeal disease of small herbivorous mammals, Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit, Microbiological and molecular analysis of endodontic infections, The use of calcium hydroxide in the treatment of abscesses in the cheek of the rabbit resulting from a dental periapical disorder, Peridontal bacteria in rabbit mandibular and maxillary abscesses, Ophthalmologic diseases in small pet mammals, Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, Departments of Anatomy and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, COPYRIGHT ASSIGNMENT AND
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