He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. Abstract. He was (I.191) the first of his race. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. Check ' ' translations into Persian. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. Verse 14. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Gave lands to Brahmins. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. The Journal of Asian Studies Son of Hiranyakula. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Get answers to the most common queries related to the Railway Examination Preparation. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. Translations. Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. After that, the English translation. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. He was known for his religious tolerance. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Verse 15. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of Devout Shaivite. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Became queen after the death of all male heirs. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. The relative In 1380 C.E. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Hiranya died childless. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. Verse 12. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Sanskrit It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. Made in Kasmir, Rajputana, and Central India, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal, Vernacular Histories in Late Nineteenth-Century Banaras: Folklore, Puranas and the New Antiquarianism, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 17001960, The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, Kings of Kashmira: A Translation of the Sanskrita Work of Jonaraja, Shrivara and of Prajyabhatta and Shuka, History of KashmiraA Contribution Towards Ancient Indian History, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, The BJP's Intellectual Agenda: Textbooks and Imagined History, A Critical Study of Indo-Persian Literature: During Sayyid and Lodi Period, 14141526, Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India, Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral, The Question of History in Precolonial India, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context, The Hindi Public Sphere, 19201940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism, Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kasmir, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir, Aurel Stein in Kashmir: The Sanskritist of Mohand Marg, Invisible Women, Visible Histories: Gender, Society, and Polity in North India, Seventh to Twelfth Century AD, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 16001800, Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India, Turbulent Waves: Construction of Gender Relations in the, Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta, History as Conceived by the Ancient Hindu and Other Nations, Ancient Indian Historiography: Sources and Interpretations, Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History, South Asia Institute, University of Texas, Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Studies of the Kashmir Council of Research. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. Concerning past occasions. . [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. field of Asian Studies. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Rajatarangini . He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. Brought up by, Within 6months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. (I.191) He belonged to. [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849).
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