swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and

characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, Whiteman was educated in classical music, and he called his new band's music symphonic jazz. . Kansas City was busy with musical activity from the early 1920s to about 1938. The Music . Concert He received his BA in Political Science from the University of Chicago and an M.A. Her version of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket, A-Tasket (1938) brought her international fame. Yes drums are like the Roux or Fil in Gumbo. Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. Trumpets provide a brash buzzing sound thats well suited for a melody. His pioneering vocal style, which treated his voice as an instrument, provided the foundation for vocal jazz interpretation. Henderson and arranger Don Redman followed the template of King Oliver, but as the 1920s progressed they moved away from the New Orleans format and transformed jazz. - trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. In 1919, Paul Whiteman hired Grof to use similar techniques for his band. This lineup was typical of swing era bands. From Many bands from the swing era continued for decades after the death or departure of their founders and namesakes, and some are still active in the 21st century, often referred to as "ghost bands", a term attributed to Woody Herman, referring to orchestras that persist in the absence of their original leaders. He would conduct his band from his drum set. The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music. ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of Tucker, Sherrie. From the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band leaders in America. While each instrument in a swing band can be compared to an ingredient in Gumbo, none of them have been equated with the seasoning so far. Others challenged him, and battle of the bands became a regular feature of theater performances. Scat singing, along with his gravelly voice, became Armstrongs trademark sound, as heard in Lazy River (1931). Swing was the predominant style of jazz music played from the late 1920s to mid-1940s. Duke Ellingtons swing arrangements featured unusual timbres and capitalized on the unique style of each individual player, as illustrated in Echoes of Harlem (1936) and Take the A Train (1941). KC Jazz marked the transition from the heavily structured, arranged and written out Big Band style of Swing to the more fluid and improvisation style of Bebop. - the tuba was replaced the string bass - the banjo was replaced the guitar - (a&c on test) rock . Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. - a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex shows the development of the main jazz styles in relation to other aspects of A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. During the next decades, ballrooms filled with people doing the jitterbug and Lindy Hop. Swing bands adopted a consistent instrumentation of four sections that remained fairly stable. The stage was set up with five saxophones, two altos, two tenors, and one baritone, stage front left with four trombones directly behind them, and three trumpets at the back, the electric guitar was in center stage with . the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. jw7(W3;TEd5SOBmlyb./hh IOQ,+B}I\fT-q\ dJ(0!GF>B)- |0~J;:AC*: Y3[.(&=>:UU5aH@ZLLEc))3c.mcX=ia&1cy]aE~9CB7L_ and ingenuity. They were assisted by a band full of talent: Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone, Louis Armstrong on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist Benny Carter, whose career lasted into the 1990s.[1]. KC Jazz is characterised by: And because KC Jazzsongs were riff based, they were often played from memory by the band (rather than from sheet music). - a jazz choir (with or without instrumental accompaniment): Jazz combos often feature virtuoso performers, on In the fifties, the emergence of rock-and-roll would capture broad attention as jazz moved in new artistic directions. Jimmy Rushing, Oklahoma City native and early member of the Blue Devils, set a style in blues and jazz that was imitated widely by others. (called a "chorus"). Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. Walter Page is often credited with developing the walking bass,[38] though earlier examples exist, such as Wellman Braud on Ellington's Washington Wabble from 1927. They refuse to look for new ideas and new outlets, so they fall by the waysideIm going to try to find out the new ideas before the others do., I stole everything I ever heard, but mostly I stole from the horns.. Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". Carnegie Halls interactive Timeline of African American Music is dedicated to the loving memory of the late soprano and recitalist Jessye Norman. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. %%EOF Bassists generally assumed the role of timekeeper, while drummers functioned in a dual capacity. Armstrong (nicknamed The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. In the early 1950s a smoother, more California. II. Ornette Coleman in the 1960s. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. [30], Some big ensembles, like King Oliver's, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements. Other swing bands in New York City and beyond incorporated the defining elements associated with the Kansas City tradition to which they added their own stamp, as did Chick Webb and His Orchestra (Stomping at the Savoy, 1934), and Lionel Hampton and His Orchestra (Flying Home, 1942). In the late 1940s, progressive YouTube clip with basic piano chords). hbbd``b`:$g@Hp,@,Fb 0 O3 Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . Four trombones comprised the trombone section. Click But on performance day, this band of Lab rats replaces the high-tech gizmos with trumpets, saxophones, trombones, drums and a piano. Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. Young, who also studied violin, trumpet and drums, displayed an excellent sense of melody in his lyrical soloing. D. in History from the University of California, Berkeley. 1554 0 obj <> endobj innovators include pianist Dave BRUBECK (1899-1974): The the late 1950s led to the more daring experiments of "free jazz" by They used their voices as instruments to demonstrate their command of scat singing. Benny Goodman (19091986) was a superior clarinetist who began appearing on stage by the age of twelve. Big bands uplifted morale during World War II. With no market for small-group recordings (made worse by a Depression-era industry reluctant to take risks), musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines led their own bands, while others, like Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver, lapsed into obscurity. When you mentioned the word Jazz to the average person, they probably think of Swing music, and for good reason. In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. "Hot" Jazz, as improvised over standard blues patterns. Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches. The In the 1950s, a smooth style of "West Social life changed and large ballrooms were needed for the thousands who wanted to dance every night and large bands seemed to be the answer to filling these dance halls with music. This would go back and forth a number of times. Steve Zegree; sax: Trent Kynaston; bass: Tom Knific; drums: Tim Froncek). While bassists can use a bow to vibrate the strings, swing band bassists will frequently pluck the strings instead. premiered. This approach was then further expanded upon by Bebop, which largely abandoned the original melody of the song to create brand new melodies based on an established chord progression this was known as a contrafact. completely abandoned the song's melody, which has made this style less 3 4 5 6 7 8, - Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. Apple Loops/REX/WAV. clip on the basic jazz rhythm section), - Bass interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex Jazz elements into his famous musical, Swing music began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal 44 of early jazz. Jam Blues features a 12-bar blues pattern with each subsequent varied chorus The Glenn Miller Band worked the best jobs and recorded often. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. The dance duo Vernon and Irene Castle popularized the foxtrot while accompanied by the Europe Society Orchestra led by James Reese Europe. Southwest bands offered a different solution to big band improvisational structures. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano Daniels, Douglas. attractive to general listeners. In the 1960s, Gunther SCHULLER developed a style known as "Third Rewrite each sentence following the instructions in parentheses. White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s. (Click on the titles of the pieces Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. "Fusion" in its strictest Since theyre built of brass, saxophones tend to produce a trumpet-like buzzing sound. alto saxophone. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed Coleman Hawkins (19041969) was the first great saxophonist of jazz. The score indicated a fixed number of measures for solo improvisation and also musical notations with the desired sounds and effects. He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. It is usually played by big band ensembles that use a rhythm section with drums, bass, sometimes a guitar, and almost always a piano, a brass section of trumpets and trombones, and a reed section of saxophones and clarinets. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. This also contributed to the loose and spontaneous feel of KC Jazz. NY: Penguin Books:1977. And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. 1560 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<10C156E632F2BA46ADA9AD0651C7900F><95985AC68A5B3B44A7FED2E54018B539>]/Index[1554 17]/Info 1553 0 R/Length 52/Prev 145355/Root 1555 0 R/Size 1571/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream - performing at the same time." An Autobiography: John Hammond on Record with Irvin Townsend. John Coltrane's "hard bop" of ", One of the most common forms used in jazz In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. Other female bands were led by trumpeter B. of the United States between 1920 and 1970. grooves, click Many musicians served in the military and toured with USO troupes at the front, with Glenn Miller losing his life while traveling between shows. of main line "crooners" such as Bing Along with clarinetist Goodman, this band included three trumpets, two trombones, four saxophones, and a four-man rhythm section with guitar and string bass instead of the heavier-sounding banjo and tuba of earlier bands. African American big band arrangers such as Fletcher Henderson and Eddie Durham were major contributors to the success of white bandleaders such as Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, and Glen Miller. Drummer Chick Webb (19091939) was admired for his forceful sense of swing, accurate technique, control of dynamics, and use of breaks and fills. Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing. who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.[43]. The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully . Some large contemporary European jazz ensembles play mostly avant-garde jazz using the instrumentation of the big bands. Arrangers notated specific notes for each instrument to play in every measure on a written score. HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e [25] Billy Strayhorn, for example, was a prolific composer and arranger, frequently collaborating with Duke Ellington, but rarely took on the role of bandleader, which was assumed by Ellington, who himself was a composer and arranger. Much like the stock in Gumbo, it provides an essential rhythmic and harmonic element in swing music. Louis Blues, but by the late 1930s, with the migration of Cubans and Puerto Ricans to New York City, Afro-Cuban music emerged along with new dances, such as the rhumba. Improvisation: This can be best described as "composing and Guitar, Organ, Banjo), - One or more solo So generally the pianist played very rhythmically, and helped keep the beat. Swing music was performed by a larger ensemble consisting of saxophones (sometimes also clarinets), trumpets, and trombones. Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. Kenton pushed the boundaries of big bands by combining clashing elements and by hiring arrangers whose ideas about music conflicted. In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this Ra's eclectic music was played by a roster of musicians from ten to thirty and was presented as theater, with costumes, dancers, and special effects.[1]. During the 1920s, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, and Dallas were vital crossroads resulting in a mix of musical styles and cultures. The "white" bands of Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, Shep Fields and, later, Glenn Miller were more popular than their "black" counterparts from the middle of the decade. until you reach Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. (As told to Albert Murray). [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. CROSBY, Frank SINATRA, and Doris DAY, who blossomed as featured vocalists with prominent bands Special thanks to Dr. Portia K. Maultsby and to the Advisory Scholars for their commitment and thought-provoking contributions to this resource. a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). With the exception of Jelly Roll Morton, who continued playing in the New Orleans style, bandleaders paid attention to the demand for dance music and created their own big bands. Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. [14][12][13] [15][16][17][18], Twenty-first century big bands can be considerably larger than their predecessors, exceeding 20 players, with some European bands using 29 instruments and some reaching 50. Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. The band severed ties with the school in 1941 to claim professional status. (, : This can be best described as "composing and II era. [3] In the late 1930s, Shep Fields incorporated a solo accordion, temple blocks, piccolo and a viola into his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra. Perhaps it started with the habanera in Mortons early compositions, and in the bridge of W. C. Handys St. [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre.
The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop 3. There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. He was also a band leader and arranger who traveled throughout Europe and Japan during the 1950s and 1960s. But Chick Webbs band would cut them., The one radio voice that I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. Important New York figures of this time include Chick Webb, Jimmie Lunceford, and Duke Ellington. singing" (in which he sings like an instrument on scat on the chart below to go to that interactive webpage). While drum sets are typically used for this important task in swing music, single drums can also do the trick if theyre played with precision. Only hotel-type bands such as that of Guy Lombardo and select jazz players such as Benny Goodman found consistent employment. [21] Bandleaders are typically performers who assemble musicians to form an ensemble of various sizes, select or create material for them, shape the musics dynamics, phrasing, and expression in rehearsals, and lead the group in performance often while playing alongside them. introduction, the main theme, and four varied improvised choruses. It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. They had Count Basie, they had Benny Moten, they had George Lee, they had Junior Lee, they had Lester Young, they had Walter Brown., What I heard in that first nine-piece Basie band was the sort of free, swinging jazz that I have always preferred. Swing was hugely popular - in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930's. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. [1], One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, Art Hickman, in San Francisco in 1916. She recorded with various jazz orchestras, including her own (Long Gone Blues, 1939) and those led by Benny Goodman (Your Mothers Son-in-Law, 1933) and Teddy Wilson (Sugar, 1939). widespread popularity of big band/swing was accelerated by the rise of dozens Beacon, 2006. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American Louis ARMSTRONG (1900-1971): Hotter Than That (1927). (1937). A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. Williams is considered one of the great jazz pianists and one of the greatest performers from Kansas City. And they played dance music. The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi. DoZjyk]Z^0])*6`pje?NG.s#n1[Mgv,3/W5k'(?_pq,JZ7jaF:m(YTm7RhoQ>luNRjY%- I) Beside her vocal timbre, her unique style delayed the placement of words and phrases compared with the musical pulse, producing a behind-the-beat effect that became her trademark. Latin-based rock idiom). Billie Holiday is considered to be the most influential of the jazz singers of the century after Louis Armstrong, who influenced her style. While all my lessons are free, if you find them useful please consider donating to help keep them coming. Music is My Mistress. Coast" Cool Jazz emerged, using Fletchers [Henderson] band had the same elements; so did Benny Motens back in 1932, when Basie played with him., Every week they would feature a guest band at the Savoy Ballroom. These musical ensembles associated with the swing era. The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully composed arrangements that held many talented players together. [37] As jazz migrated from its New Orleans origin to Chicago and New York City, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. style promoted by Ornette COLEMAN and John COLTRANE), which has raised a continuing controversy about After 1935, big bands rose to prominence playing swing music and held a major role in defining swing as a distinctive style. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of listeners to love jazz.. basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C". creating a style known as "Dixieland" Jazz or In a big band jazz group, at least three trumpets, two trombones, four or more saxophones, and a rhythm section of piano, guitar, bass, and drums are combined with a vocal element. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). the 1930s, famed jazz pianists Edward "Duke" The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band techniques (from native African musical tradition in which a leader does a

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